Authentication asks what the object is
An expert may use construction, style, material analysis and comparative study to assess whether an object fits a claimed time and place. No single test can answer every question, and scientific results require interpretation. A certificate is only as strong as the evidence and expertise behind it.
Appraisal asks what a market might pay
An estimate uses comparable sales, condition, scarcity, buyer demand and marketability at a particular time. The estimate can shift when provenance, conservation or attribution changes. It should not be mistaken for a promise of resale or a legal opinion.
Provenance asks where the object has been
A chain of custody can involve receipts, inventories, catalogs, permits and dated images. Missing links weaken what can be concluded. Ownership records and lawful movement may matter even when experts agree the object is ancient.
Use the right professional
For an inherited item, first gather records without damaging the object. Then choose an appropriately qualified conservator, specialist appraiser, archaeologist or legal expert for the unresolved question. Ask for written scope and limitations.