Physical identification
Thermoluminescence, radiocarbon, XRF, microscopy and imaging. Record dimensions, weight, manufacture, surfaces, repairs, labels, mounts and inscriptions before cleaning or treatment.
Key cautions
- A test answers a specific question.
- Sampling can damage objects.
- Reports need sample location and limitations.
Provenance and lawful movement
Document texture, joins, deposits, corrosion, movement and prior treatment. Stop handling when surfaces powder, flakes lift, corrosion appears active or cracks move.
Authenticity and conservation
Condition and authenticity can be intertwined. Artificial deposits, modern joins and restored surfaces may disguise manufacture. No single photograph, certificate or test proves the complete history of an object.
Five research views
Responsible acquisition: Record uncertainty and do not buy when lawful title or export history remains materially unresolved.